02019cam a22003253  4500001001300000003000600013005001700019008004100036020001800077020001500095035002100110040009300131050001900224245004900243260002900292336002600321337002800347520107100375650003201446650004501478650002301523650001701546650001701563650001901580650001101599650002501610650001001635720002601645720002201671ocn191927171OCoLC20240712095732.0080208s2007    xx            000 0 eng d  a9780521891073  a0521891078  a(OCoLC)191927171  aBTCTAbengcBTCTAdBAKERdAU@dYDXCPdCWIdOCLCFdOCLCOdOCLCQdOCLCAdOCLCQdOCLdOCLCO14aHD2341b.S363 04aThe Shadow EconomybAn International Survey.  bCambridge Univ Prc2007.  atextbtxt2rdacontent  aunmediatedbn2rdamedia1 a"Illicit work, social security fraud, economic crime, and other shadow economy activities are fast becoming an international problem. Friedrich Schneider and Dominik H. Enste use currency demand, physical input (electricity) method, and the model approach, to estimate the size of the shadow economy in seventy-six developing, transition, and OECD countries. They argue that during the 1990s the average size of a shadow economy varied from 12% of GDP for OECD, to 23% for transition, and to 39% for developing countries. They examine the causes and consequences of this development using an integrated approach explaining deviant behaviour, which combines the findings of economic, sociological, and psychological research. The authors suggest that increasing taxation, social security contributions, rising state regulatory activities, and the decline of the tax morale, are all driving forces behind this growth, especially in OECD countries. They propose a reform of state (public) institutions, in order to improve the dynamics of the official economy."--Jacket 0aInformal sector (Economics) 0aBusiness enterprisesxCorrupt practices. 0aCommercial crimes. 0aTax evasion. 0aNoncitizens. 0aWelfare fraud. 0aFraud. 0aIllegal immigration. 2aFraud  aSchneider, Friedrich.  aEnste, Dominik H.